What is Human/Wildlife Conflict?

Mikayla Frierson • August 3, 2022

What is human/wildlife conflict, and how can we prevent it?

Rescuing Ocala Wildlife - A 501c3 Wildlife Rescue in Ocala serving Central Florida communities

      As Florida’s population continues to grow, encounters between people and wildlife are becoming increasingly common. Animals we once only saw while hiking—such as Black Bears, bobcats,  otters, raccoons, and coyotes—are now appearing in neighborhoods, parks, and suburban streets. These encounters are not automatically dangerous, but they can become what is defined as a human/wildlife conflict, meaning any situation where human behavior harms wildlife, wildlife behavior harms or inconveniences humans, or both, are put at risk through their interactions. In Florida, these conflicts rarely result from animal aggression, but from misunderstanding or fear. Many species behave normally, but are misinterpreted as threatening, while others are unintentionally injured through human activities. Common examples of human/wildlife conflict include wildlife hit by cars, birds suffering window strikes, predators and scavengers experiencing rodenticide poisoning, wildlife attacked by cats and dogs, acts of human cruelty, or misguided “rescue" and illegal rehabilitation. Understanding natural foraging, hunting, breeding, and movement patterns helps us interpret wildlife behavior correctly and shift from fear to informed coexistence.


      Conflicts also occur when animals are unintentionally injured by everyday human activities. Vehicle strikes account for a major portion of wildlife injuries seen in Florida, with some rehabilitation facilities reporting that 30–40% of their annual intake involves animals hit by cars. These incidents peak at dawn and dusk, when many species travel, hunt, or seek mates, and increase during spring and fall as young animals disperse. Cat and dog attacks are another leading cause of injury; domestic cats alone kill over one-billion small animals nationwide each year, including songbirds, squirrels, young rabbits, reptiles, and fledgling raptors. Window strikes kill millions of birds annually in the U.S., and Florida’s reflective architecture and bright sunlight make these collisions especially common. Cruelty cases, though difficult to discuss, are also a reality for wildlife rehabbers, ranging from animals shot to brutally beaten to inhumane trapping and other harassment. In almost every situation, the conflict was preventable with basic education and simple coexistence strategies.


     At Rescuing Ocala Wildlife (ROW), our mission is rehabilitation and promoting coexistence through public education. We do not trap, relocate, or interfere with wildlife that is behaving normally, because relocation is often harmful and rarely solves the problem. Wild animals have established home ranges, seasonal travel routes, and survival strategies that do not translate when moved to unfamiliar territory. Relocated animals may struggle to find food or water, wander extensively while trying to return home, get hit by vehicles, or be attacked by resident animals defending their territory. However, we are always available to help property owners understand why an animal is visiting and to offer creative, humane solutions that protect both humans and wildlife.


     Usually, wildlife enters a property because it has found food, water, shelter, or all three. Studies across multiple states show that removing attractants can reduce wildlife visitation by 60–80%. Common attractants include unsecured garbage cans, compost, outdoor pet food, birdseed or livestock feed, fallen fruit, or backyard water sources. Even well-intentioned feeding dramatically increases human/wildlife conflict by encouraging dependency, drawing animals closer to roads, pets, or people, and altering their natural behaviors. Rodenticides create an additional threat, as predators such as owls, hawks, foxes, raccoons, and bobcats can be poisoned after consuming contaminated rodents. Wildlife rehabilitators across Florida are seeing an increase in cases of secondary poisoning.

 

     Fortunately, most conflicts can be reduced or prevented through straightforward, humane adjustments. Securing garbage, removing outdoor food sources, installing exclusion barriers, reducing window reflections, avoiding poisons, supervising pets outdoors, and adjusting landscaping can dramatically reduce wildlife injuries and visits. Even small changes go a long way toward keeping animals and people safe. Florida’s native wildlife, from predators to pollinators, play irreplaceable roles in maintaining healthy ecosystems. Coexistence is not just compassionate; it is essential for biodiversity, public safety, and the long-term health of our natural areas. If you have wildlife on your property and need help identifying attractants or designing humane deterrents, ROW is always available to discuss solutions that protect both animals and people. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) also provides excellent guidance for peaceful coexistence. With the right knowledge and a few thoughtful habits, we can build safer communities where humans and wildlife thrive together.



Top 10 Ways to Prevent Human–Wildlife Conflict

  1. Secure all garbage and compost in wildlife-proof or tightly latching bins to prevent raccoons, bears, coyotes, and foxes from foraging near homes.
  2. Feed pets indoors and never leave food outside, including cat food, dog food, chicken feed, or spilled grain that attracts wildlife.
  3. Remove attractants, such as fallen fruit, unsecured livestock feed, overflowing bird feeders, or backyard water sources that bring animals into human spaces.
  4. Avoid rodenticides, which cause secondary poisoning in owls, hawks, foxes, bobcats, and pets; use enclosed snap traps or exclusion methods instead.
  5. Reduce bird-window collisions by adding decals, UV film, or patterned stickers to reflective windows—an easy step that can prevent over 70% of strikes.
  6. Seal openings under homes, sheds, porches, attics, and crawl spaces to prevent wildlife from denning in human structures—especially during breeding seasons.
  7. Supervise pets outdoors and keep cats indoors, as cat and dog attacks are a leading cause of wildlife injuries and can also put pets at risk.
  8. Use motion-activated lights or sprinklers as gentle deterrents to discourage nighttime visitors without harming them.
  9. Trim or manage vegetation near homes, gardens, and walkways to reduce hiding spots and limit access to attractants such as fruit trees or vegetable beds.
  10. Drive slowly and stay alert near wooded edges, wetlands, and suburban neighborhoods—especially at dawn and dusk—to prevent vehicle strikes, which are a major source of wildlife injuries.

Welcome to Florida—Please Don’t Believe Everything You Hear

By Mikayla Frierson • November 17, 2025
Florida Wildlife: Separating Facts From Fear
Rescuing Ocala Wildlife - A 501c3 Wildlife Rescue in Ocala serving Central Florida communities

Why DID the Turtle Cross the Road?

By Mikayla Frierson • January 3, 2023
Florida is home to an incredibly diverse ecosystem. Part of that diversity includes shelled reptiles, such as freshwater turtles, terrestrial turtles, and our only native tortoise, the Gopher Tortoise. Many of these species rely on habitats that often sit directly beside or are cut through by roadways, such as wetlands, retention ponds, sandy uplands, and wooded edges. It’s common to see turtles and tortoises attempting to cross in these areas. Research from the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) and several long-term studies show that turtle road crossings in Florida peak between June and September, especially after rain. Female freshwater turtles often cross roads to find open, sandy nesting areas, while males wander widely in spring to find mates. Juveniles disperse midsummer to establish their first territories, as well. Eastern Box Turtles, which are fully terrestrial and spend little time in water, also cross roads frequently as they roam for mushrooms, berries, and insects, especially during spring and early summer, when females travel long distances to locate nesting sites. Box turtles have remarkably strong homing instincts and will continue attempting to follow the same route even if displaced. Roadways are often built through the middle of their route, leaving them no option but to cross. Gopher Tortoises cross roads throughout the year, with peaks in spring and fall as they search for new burrow sites, mates, or feeding areas, and their crossings are especially common in rapidly developing regions where burrows have been damaged or destroyed. Unfortunately, roadways pose a major threat to all of Florida’s turtle and tortoise species. A long-term study at Lake Jackson, Florida, conducted over a 44-month monitoring period, from February 2000 through November 2003, recorded 8,833 turtles either killed or attempting to cross a single 4-lane highway. Before mitigation was added, the mortality rate averaged about 16 turtles per mile per day (Aresco, 2005). Under heavy traffic conditions, the probability of a turtle surviving a single road crossing was estimated at only 2%. Additional demographic research shows that many turtle populations cannot sustain more than 2–3% adult mortality per year without beginning to decline (Congdon et al., 1993). Yet, some roadside populations in Florida lose between 6–29% of adult females annually during nesting migrations, a level of loss that can rapidly destabilize populations and skew sex ratios. Most aquatic turtle road deaths occur adjacent to development, while box turtle collisions are most common in wooded neighborhoods and rural roads, like our Ocala National Forest. Gopher tortoise fatalities also spike in areas undergoing construction where burrows are destroyed, forcing tortoises to relocate through hazardous areas. These animals are not wandering aimlessly. They are performing natural behaviors such as nesting, dispersing, basking, or foraging. The roads simply run through the places they have been using for centuries. Even with the challenges turtles and tortoises face on Florida’s roads, there are simple but powerful ways the public can help. One of the most im portant things is to leave them exactly where they belong . If you can safely stop to assist a turtle on the road, always move it only far enough to finish crossing in the direction it was already heading. Never relocate it to a new pond, wooded area, or “safer" habitat, even if the place it’s walking toward seems strange, developed, or unsafe to us. Turtles and tortoises spend their entire lives (sometimes 50 to 100 years) learning the layout of their home range. When people move them to unfamiliar locations, it doesn’t save them. Instead, it forces them to spend the rest of their lives wandering in search of home, dramatically increasing their risk of dehydration, starvation, crossing roads, and encounters with predators. Relocating turtles can also unintentionally spread diseases such as ranavirus and upper respiratory infections into n ew wild populations, putting entire communities of turtles at risk. It’s completely understandable to feel emotional when you see a turtle in the middle of “nowhere” or heading toward an area that looks wrong, but turtles know the local terrain far better than we do, and what feels like helping can actually cause harm. The best thing you can do is help check it over (top and bottom) for any blood or other apparent injuries. If it appears unharmed and is safe to cross the road, point it in the right direction and leave it be. Never pick it up by the tail. For snapping or softshell turtles, use a car mat or a piece of cardboard to scoop them up and take them to safety. If the turtle is injured, carefully contain it and text us photos of it and your location at 352-234-6098. By respecting the turtle’s natural path, reducing unnecessary handling, and keeping them within their lifelong home range, you become a vital part of protecting Florida’s wildlife — and giving these ancient animals the best possible chance to survive and thrive.